Automated distortion classification

ABSTRACT

A method of and system for automated distortion classification. The method includes steps of (a) receiving audio including a user speech signal and at least some distortion associated with the signal; (b) pre-processing the received audio to generate acoustic feature vectors; (c) decoding the generated acoustic feature vectors to produce a plurality of hypotheses for the distortion; and (d) post-processing the plurality of hypotheses to identify at least one distortion hypothesis of the plurality of hypotheses as the received distortion. The system can include one or more distortion models including distortion-related acoustic features representative of various types of distortion and used by a decoder to compare the acoustic feature vectors with the distortion-related acoustic features to produce the plurality of hypotheses for the distortion.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to speech signal processing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

ASR technologies enable microphone-equipped computing devices to interpret speech and thereby provide an alternative to conventional human-to-computer input devices such as keyboards or keypads. A typical ASR system includes several basic elements. A microphone and an acoustic interface receive an utterance of a word from a user, and digitize the utterance into acoustic data. An acoustic pre-processor parses the acoustic data into information-bearing acoustic features. A decoder uses acoustic models to decode the acoustic features into utterance hypotheses. The decoder generates a confidence value for each hypothesis to reflect the degree to which each hypothesis phonetically matches a subword of each utterance, and to select a best hypothesis for each subword. Using language models, the decoder concatenates the subwords into an output word corresponding to the user-uttered word.

One problem encountered with ASR is that audio signals contain not only speech utterances of a user, but also contain undesirable distortions. Audio signal distortions are many and various, including ambient noise like road noise, transient noise like windshield wiper operation, and electronics noise like clips, mutes, bit errors, codec errors, data packet errors, and channel distortion. Receipt of such distortions by an ASR system may lead to ASR rejection errors where speech cannot be recognized, or errors of insertion or substitution of acoustic data that leads to misrecognition of speech.

Attempts to minimize such distortions include use of subjective listening techniques during development of an ASR system. With such techniques, several expert individuals listen to typical audio signals that will be received by the ASR system in actual use in the field, and then score the signals based on the absence, presence, or amount of the various distortions they hear in the signals. The scores are averaged and if the average score for any given distortion is too low, then some type of corrective action is taken in the design of the ASR system. But such techniques may be too costly or complex, and are conducted off-line and before actual use of the ASR system in the field.

Other attempts to deal with distortion include real-time noise removal or noise reduction techniques. Such techniques involve evaluating an initial portion of a signal for noise and attempting to electronically subtract such noise just before or during reception of speech present in the signal. But such techniques may be too ineffective or unreliable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of automated distortion classification. The method comprises the steps of (a) receiving audio including a user speech signal and at least some distortion associated with the signal; (b) pre-processing the received audio to generate acoustic feature vectors; (c) decoding the generated acoustic feature vectors to produce a plurality of hypotheses for the distortion; (d) post-processing the plurality of hypotheses to identify at least one distortion hypothesis of the plurality of hypotheses as the received distortion.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an automated distortion classification system including an acoustic interface to receive audio including a user speech signal and at least some distortion associated with the signal, a pre-processor to pre-process the received audio to generate acoustic feature vectors, and a decoder to decode the generated acoustic feature vectors. Also, the system includes at least one distortion model including a plurality of distortion-related acoustic features representative of various types of distortion and used by the decoder to compare the acoustic feature vectors with the distortion-related acoustic features to produce a plurality of hypotheses for the distortion. Further, the system includes a post-processor to post-process the plurality of hypotheses produced from the decoder to identify at least one distortion hypothesis of the plurality of hypotheses as the received distortion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, wherein like designations denote like elements, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a communications system that is capable of utilizing the method disclosed herein;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system that can be used with the system of FIG. 1 and used to implement exemplary methods of speech recognition;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary embodiment of an ASR method; and

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an exemplary embodiment of a distortion classifier.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

The methods described below can be used by a vehicle telematics unit (VTU) as a part of recognizing speech uttered by a user of the VTU. Although the methods described below are such as they might be implemented for a VTU, it will be appreciated that they could be useful in any type of vehicle speech recognition system and other types of speech recognition systems.

Communications System—

With reference to FIG. 1, there is shown an exemplary operating environment that comprises a mobile vehicle communications system 10 and that can be used to implement the method disclosed herein. Communications system 10 generally includes a vehicle 12, one or more wireless carrier systems 14, a land communications network 16, a computer 18, and a call center 20. It should be understood that the disclosed method can be used with any number of different systems and is not specifically limited to the operating environment shown here. Also, the architecture, construction, setup, and operation of the system 10 and its individual components are generally known in the art. Thus, the following paragraphs simply provide a brief overview of one such exemplary system 10; however, other systems not shown here could employ the disclosed method as well.

Vehicle 12 is depicted in the illustrated embodiment as a passenger car, but it should be appreciated that any other vehicle including motorcycles, trucks, sports utility vehicles (SUVs), recreational vehicles (RVs), marine vessels, aircraft, etc., can also be used. Some of the vehicle electronics 28 is shown generally in FIG. 1 and includes a telematics unit 30, a microphone 32, one or more pushbuttons or other control inputs 34, an audio system 36, a visual display 38, and a GPS module 40 as well as a number of vehicle system modules (VSMs) 42. Some of these devices can be connected directly to the telematics unit such as, for example, the microphone 32 and pushbutton(s) 34, whereas others are indirectly connected using one or more network connections, such as a communications bus 44 or an entertainment bus 46. Examples of suitable network connections include a controller area network (CAN), a media oriented system transfer (MOST), a local interconnection network (LIN), a local area network (LAN), and other appropriate connections such as Ethernet or others that conform with known ISO, SAE and IEEE standards and specifications, to name but a few.

Telematics unit 30 is an OEM-installed device that enables wireless voice and/or data communication over wireless carrier system 14 and via wireless networking so that the vehicle can communicate with call center 20, other telematics-enabled vehicles, or some other entity or device. The telematics unit preferably uses radio transmissions to establish a communications channel (a voice channel and/or a data channel) with wireless carrier system 14 so that voice and/or data transmissions can be sent and received over the channel. By providing both voice and data communication, telematics unit 30 enables the vehicle to offer a number of different services including those related to navigation, telephony, emergency assistance, diagnostics, infotainment, etc. Data can be sent either via a data connection, such as via packet data transmission over a data channel, or via a voice channel using techniques known in the art. For combined services that involve both voice communication (e.g., with a live advisor or voice response unit at the call center 20) and data communication (e.g., to provide GPS location data or vehicle diagnostic data to the call center 20), the system can utilize a single call over a voice channel and switch as needed between voice and data transmission over the voice channel, and this can be done using techniques known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, telematics unit 30 utilizes cellular communication according to either GSM or CDMA standards and thus includes a standard cellular chipset 50 for voice communications like hands-free calling, a wireless modem for data transmission, an electronic processing device 52, one or more digital memory devices 54, and a dual antenna 56. It should be appreciated that the modem can either be implemented through software that is stored in the telematics unit and is executed by processor 52, or it can be a separate hardware component located internal or external to telematics unit 30. The modem can operate using any number of different standards or protocols such as EVDO, CDMA, GPRS, and EDGE. Wireless networking between the vehicle and other networked devices can also be carried out using telematics unit 30. For this purpose, telematics unit 30 can be configured to communicate wirelessly according to one or more wireless protocols, such as any of the IEEE 802.11 protocols, WiMAX, or Bluetooth. When used for packet-switched data communication such as TCP/IP, the telematics unit can be configured with a static IP address or can set up to automatically receive an assigned IP address from another device on the network such as a router or from a network address server.

Processor 52 can be any type of device capable of processing electronic instructions including microprocessors, microcontrollers, host processors, controllers, vehicle communication processors, and application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It can be a dedicated processor used only for telematics unit 30 or can be shared with other vehicle systems. Processor 52 executes various types of digitally-stored instructions, such as software or firmware programs stored in memory 54, which enable the telematics unit to provide a wide variety of services. For instance, processor 52 can execute programs or process data to carry out at least a part of the method discussed herein.

Telematics unit 30 can be used to provide a diverse range of vehicle services that involve wireless communication to and/or from the vehicle. Such services include: turn-by-turn directions and other navigation-related services that are provided in conjunction with the GPS-based vehicle navigation module 40; airbag deployment notification and other emergency or roadside assistance-related services that are provided in connection with one or more collision sensor interface modules such as a body control module (not shown); diagnostic reporting using one or more diagnostic modules; and infotainment-related services where music, webpages, movies, television programs, videogames and/or other information is downloaded by an infotainment module (not shown) and is stored for current or later playback. The above-listed services are by no means an exhaustive list of all of the capabilities of telematics unit 30, but are simply an enumeration of some of the services that the telematics unit is capable of offering. Furthermore, it should be understood that at least some of the aforementioned modules could be implemented in the form of software instructions saved internal or external to telematics unit 30, they could be hardware components located internal or external to telematics unit 30, or they could be integrated and/or shared with each other or with other systems located throughout the vehicle, to cite but a few possibilities. In the event that the modules are implemented as VSMs 42 located external to telematics unit 30, they could utilize vehicle bus 44 to exchange data and commands with the telematics unit.

GPS module 40 receives radio signals from a constellation 60 of GPS satellites.

From these signals, the module 40 can determine vehicle position that is used for providing navigation and other position-related services to the vehicle driver. Navigation information can be presented on the display 38 (or other display within the vehicle) or can be presented verbally such as is done when supplying turn-by-turn navigation. The navigation services can be provided using a dedicated in-vehicle navigation module (which can be part of GPS module 40), or some or all navigation services can be done via telematics unit 30, wherein the position information is sent to a remote location for purposes of providing the vehicle with navigation maps, map annotations (points of interest, restaurants, etc.), route calculations, and the like. The position information can be supplied to call center 20 or other remote computer system, such as computer 18, for other purposes, such as fleet management. Also, new or updated map data can be downloaded to the GPS module 40 from the call center 20 via the telematics unit 30.

Apart from the audio system 36 and GPS module 40, the vehicle 12 can include other vehicle system modules (VSMs) 42 in the form of electronic hardware components that are located throughout the vehicle and typically receive input from one or more sensors and use the sensed input to perform diagnostic, monitoring, control, reporting and/or other functions. Each of the VSMs 42 is preferably connected by communications bus 44 to the other VSMs, as well as to the telematics unit 30, and can be programmed to run vehicle system and subsystem diagnostic tests. As examples, one VSM 42 can be an engine control module (ECM) that controls various aspects of engine operation such as fuel ignition and ignition timing, another VSM 42 can be a powertrain control module that regulates operation of one or more components of the vehicle powertrain, and another VSM 42 can be a body control module that governs various electrical components located throughout the vehicle, like the vehicle's power door locks and headlights. According to one embodiment, the engine control module is equipped with on-board diagnostic (OBD) features that provide myriad real-time data, such as that received from various sensors including vehicle emissions sensors, and provide a standardized series of diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) that allow a technician to rapidly identify and remedy malfunctions within the vehicle. As is appreciated by those skilled in the art, the above-mentioned VSMs are only examples of some of the modules that may be used in vehicle 12, as numerous others are also possible.

Vehicle electronics 28 also includes a number of vehicle user interfaces that provide vehicle occupants with a means of providing and/or receiving information, including microphone 32, pushbuttons(s) 34, audio system 36, and visual display 38. As used herein, the term ‘vehicle user interface’ broadly includes any suitable form of electronic device, including both hardware and software components, which is located on the vehicle and enables a vehicle user to communicate with or through a component of the vehicle. Microphone 32 provides audio input to the telematics unit to enable the driver or other occupant to provide voice commands and carry out hands-free calling via the wireless carrier system 14. For this purpose, it can be connected to an on-board automated voice processing unit utilizing human-machine interface (HMI) technology known in the art. The pushbutton(s) 34 allow manual user input into the telematics unit 30 to initiate wireless telephone calls and provide other data, response, or control input. Separate pushbuttons can be used for initiating emergency calls versus regular service assistance calls to the call center 20. Audio system 36 provides audio output to a vehicle occupant and can be a dedicated, stand-alone system or part of the primary vehicle audio system. According to the particular embodiment shown here, audio system 36 is operatively coupled to both vehicle bus 44 and entertainment bus 46 and can provide AM, FM and satellite radio, CD, DVD and other multimedia functionality. This functionality can be provided in conjunction with or independent of the infotainment module described above. Visual display 38 is preferably a graphics display, such as a touch screen on the instrument panel or a heads-up display reflected off of the windshield, and can be used to provide a multitude of input and output functions. Various other vehicle user interfaces can also be utilized, as the interfaces of FIG. 1 are only an example of one particular implementation.

Wireless carrier system 14 is preferably a cellular telephone system that includes a plurality of cell towers 70 (only one shown), one or more mobile switching centers (MSCs) 72, as well as any other networking components required to connect wireless carrier system 14 with land network 16. Each cell tower 70 includes sending and receiving antennas and a base station, with the base stations from different cell towers being connected to the MSC 72 either directly or via intermediary equipment such as a base station controller. Cellular system 14 can implement any suitable communications technology, including for example, analog technologies such as AMPS, or the newer digital technologies such as CDMA (e.g., CDMA2000) or GSM/GPRS. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, various cell tower/base station/MSC arrangements are possible and could be used with wireless system 14. For instance, the base station and cell tower could be co-located at the same site or they could be remotely located from one another, each base station could be responsible for a single cell tower or a single base station could service various cell towers, and various base stations could be coupled to a single MSC, to name but a few of the possible arrangements.

Apart from using wireless carrier system 14, a different wireless carrier system in the form of satellite communication can be used to provide uni-directional or bi-directional communication with the vehicle. This can be done using one or more communication satellites 62 and an uplink transmitting station 64. Uni-directional communication can be, for example, satellite radio services, wherein programming content (news, music, etc.) is received by transmitting station 64, packaged for upload, and then sent to the satellite 62, which broadcasts the programming to subscribers. Bi-directional communication can be, for example, satellite telephony services using satellite 62 to relay telephone communications between the vehicle 12 and station 64. If used, this satellite telephony can be utilized either in addition to or in lieu of wireless carrier system 14.

Land network 16 may be a conventional land-based telecommunications network that is connected to one or more landline telephones and connects wireless carrier system 14 to call center 20. For example, land network 16 may include a public switched telephone network (PSTN) such as that used to provide hardwired telephony, packet-switched data communications, and the Internet infrastructure. One or more segments of land network 16 could be implemented through the use of a standard wired network, a fiber or other optical network, a cable network, power lines, other wireless networks such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), or networks providing broadband wireless access (BWA), or any combination thereof. Furthermore, call center 20 need not be connected via land network 16, but could include wireless telephony equipment so that it can communicate directly with a wireless network, such as wireless carrier system 14.

Computer 18 can be one of a number of computers accessible via a private or public network such as the Internet. Each such computer 18 can be used for one or more purposes, such as a web server accessible by the vehicle via telematics unit 30 and wireless carrier 14. Other such accessible computers 18 can be, for example: a service center computer where diagnostic information and other vehicle data can be uploaded from the vehicle via the telematics unit 30; a client computer used by the vehicle owner or other subscriber for such purposes as accessing or receiving vehicle data or to setting up or configuring subscriber preferences or controlling vehicle functions; or a third party repository to or from which vehicle data or other information is provided, whether by communicating with the vehicle 12 or call center 20, or both. A computer 18 can also be used for providing Internet connectivity such as DNS services or as a network address server that uses DHCP or other suitable protocol to assign an IP address to the vehicle 12.

Call center 20 is designed to provide the vehicle electronics 28 with a number of different system back-end functions and, according to the exemplary embodiment shown here, generally includes one or more switches 80, servers 82, databases 84, live advisors 86, as well as an automated voice response system (VRS) 88, all of which are known in the art. These various call center components are preferably coupled to one another via a wired or wireless local area network 90. Switch 80, which can be a private branch exchange (PBX) switch, routes incoming signals so that voice transmissions are usually sent to either the live adviser 86 by regular phone or to the automated voice response system 88 using VoIP. The live advisor phone can also use VoIP as indicated by the broken line in FIG. 1. VoIP and other data communication through the switch 80 is implemented via a modem (not shown) connected between the switch 80 and network 90. Data transmissions are passed via the modem to server 82 and/or database 84. Database 84 can store account information such as subscriber authentication information, vehicle identifiers, profile records, behavioral patterns, and other pertinent subscriber information. Data transmissions may also be conducted by wireless systems, such as 802.11x, GPRS, and the like. Although the illustrated embodiment has been described as it would be used in conjunction with a manned call center 20 using live advisor 86, it will be appreciated that the call center can instead utilize VRS 88 as an automated advisor or, a combination of VRS 88 and the live advisor 86 can be used.

Automatic Speech Recognition System—

Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown an exemplary architecture for an ASR system 210 that can be used to enable the presently disclosed method. In general, a vehicle occupant vocally interacts with an automatic speech recognition system (ASR) for one or more of the following fundamental purposes: training the system to understand a vehicle occupant's particular voice; storing discrete speech such as a spoken nametag or a spoken control word like a numeral or keyword; or recognizing the vehicle occupant's speech for any suitable purpose such as voice dialing, menu navigation, transcription, service requests, vehicle device or device function control, or the like. Generally, ASR extracts acoustic data from human speech, compares and contrasts the acoustic data to stored subword data, selects an appropriate subword which can be concatenated with other selected subwords, and outputs the concatenated subwords or words for post-processing such as dictation or transcription, address book dialing, storing to memory, training ASR models or adaptation parameters, or the like.

ASR systems are generally known to those skilled in the art, and FIG. 2 illustrates just one specific exemplary ASR system 210. The system 210 includes a device to receive speech such as the telematics microphone 32, and an acoustic interface 33 such as a sound card of the telematics unit 30 to digitize the speech into acoustic data. The system 210 also includes a memory such as the telematics memory 54 for storing the acoustic data and storing speech recognition software and databases, and a processor such as the telematics processor 52 to process the acoustic data. The processor functions with the memory and in conjunction with the following modules: a front-end processor or pre-processor software module 212 for parsing streams of the acoustic data of the speech into parametric representations such as acoustic features; a decoder software module 214 for decoding the acoustic features to yield digital subword or word output data corresponding to the input speech utterances; and a post-processor software module 216 for using the output data from the decoder module 214 for any suitable purpose.

The system 210 can also receive speech from any other suitable audio source(s) 131, which can be directly communicated with the pre-processor software module 212 as shown in solid line or indirectly communicated therewith via the acoustic interface 33. The audio source(s) 131 can include, for example, a telephonic source of audio such as a voice mail system, or other telephonic services of any kind.

One or more modules or models can be used as input to the decoder module 214. First, grammar and/or lexicon model(s) 218 can provide rules governing which words can logically follow other words to form valid sentences. In a broad sense, a grammar can define a universe of vocabulary the system 210 expects at any given time in any given ASR mode. For example, if the system 210 is in a training mode for training commands, then the grammar model(s) 218 can include all commands known to and used by the system 210. In another example, if the system 210 is in a main menu mode, then the active grammar model(s) 218 can include all main menu commands expected by the system 210 such as call, dial, exit, delete, directory, or the like. Second, acoustic model(s) 220 assist with selection of most likely subwords or words corresponding to input from the pre-processor module 212. Third, word model(s) 222 and sentence/language model(s) 224 provide rules, syntax, and/or semantics in placing the selected subwords or words into word or sentence context. Also, the sentence/language model(s) 224 can define a universe of sentences the system 210 expects at any given time in any given ASR mode, and/or can provide rules, etc., governing which sentences can logically follow other sentences to form valid extended speech.

According to an alternative exemplary embodiment, some or all of the ASR system 210 can be resident on, and processed using, computing equipment in a location remote from the vehicle 12 such as the call center 20. For example, grammar models, acoustic models, and the like can be stored in memory of one of the servers 82 and/or databases 84 in the call center 20 and communicated to the vehicle telematics unit 30 for in-vehicle speech processing. Similarly, speech recognition software can be processed using processors of one of the servers 82 in the call center 20. In other words, the ASR system 210 can be resident in the telematics unit 30 or distributed across the call center 20 and the vehicle 12 in any desired manner.

First, acoustic data is extracted from human speech wherein a vehicle occupant speaks into the microphone 32, which converts the utterances into electrical signals and communicates such signals to the acoustic interface 33. A sound-responsive element in the microphone 32 captures the occupant's speech utterances as variations in air pressure and converts the utterances into corresponding variations of analog electrical signals such as direct current or voltage. The acoustic interface 33 receives the analog electrical signals, which are first sampled such that values of the analog signal are captured at discrete instants of time, and are then quantized such that the amplitudes of the analog signals are converted at each sampling instant into a continuous stream of digital speech data. In other words, the acoustic interface 33 converts the analog electrical signals into digital electronic signals. The digital data are binary bits which are buffered in the telematics memory 54 and then processed by the telematics processor 52 or can be processed as they are initially received by the processor 52 in real-time.

Second, the pre-processor module 212 transforms the continuous stream of digital speech data into discrete sequences of acoustic parameters. More specifically, the processor 52 executes the pre-processor module 212 to segment the digital speech data into overlapping phonetic or acoustic frames of, for example, 10-30 ms duration. The frames correspond to acoustic subwords such as syllables, demi-syllables, phones, diphones, phonemes, or the like. The pre-processor module 212 also performs phonetic analysis to extract acoustic parameters from the occupant's speech such as time-varying feature vectors, from within each frame. Utterances within the occupant's speech can be represented as sequences of these feature vectors. For example, and as known to those skilled in the art, feature vectors can be extracted and can include, for example, vocal pitch, energy profiles, spectral attributes, and/or cepstral coefficients that can be obtained by performing Fourier transforms of the frames and decorrelating acoustic spectra using cosine transforms. Acoustic frames and corresponding parameters covering a particular duration of speech are concatenated into unknown test pattern of speech to be decoded.

Third, the processor executes the decoder module 214 to process the incoming feature vectors of each test pattern. The decoder module 214 is also known as a recognition engine or classifier, and uses stored known reference patterns of speech. Like the test patterns, the reference patterns are defined as a concatenation of related acoustic frames and corresponding parameters. The decoder module 214 compares and contrasts the acoustic feature vectors of a subword test pattern to be recognized with stored subword reference patterns, assesses the magnitude of the differences or similarities therebetween, and ultimately uses decision logic to choose a best matching subword as the recognized subword. In general, the best matching subword is that which corresponds to the stored known reference pattern that has a minimum dissimilarity to, or highest probability of being, the test pattern as determined by any of various techniques known to those skilled in the art to analyze and recognize subwords. Such techniques can include dynamic time-warping classifiers, artificial intelligence techniques, neural networks, free phoneme recognizers, and/or probabilistic pattern matchers such as Hidden Markov Model (HMM) engines.

HMM engines are known to those skilled in the art for producing multiple speech recognition model hypotheses of acoustic input. The hypotheses are considered in ultimately identifying and selecting that recognition output which represents the most probable correct decoding of the acoustic input via feature analysis of the speech. More specifically, an HMM engine generates statistical models in the form of an “N-best” list of subword model hypotheses ranked according to HMM-calculated confidence values or probabilities of an observed sequence of acoustic data given one or another subword such as by the application of Bayes' Theorem.

A Bayesian HMM process identifies a best hypothesis corresponding to the most probable utterance or subword sequence for a given observation sequence of acoustic feature vectors, and its confidence values can depend on a variety of factors including acoustic signal-to-noise ratios associated with incoming acoustic data. The HMM can also include a statistical distribution called a mixture of diagonal Gaussians, which yields a likelihood score for each observed feature vector of each subword, which scores can be used to reorder the N-best list of hypotheses. The HMM engine can also identify and select a subword whose model likelihood score is highest.

In a similar manner, individual HMMs for a sequence of subwords can be concatenated to establish single or multiple word HMM. Thereafter, an N-best list of single or multiple word reference patterns and associated parameter values may be generated and further evaluated.

In one example, the speech recognition decoder 214 processes the feature vectors using the appropriate acoustic models, grammars, and algorithms to generate an N-best list of reference patterns. As used herein, the term reference patterns is interchangeable with models, waveforms, templates, rich signal models, exemplars, hypotheses, or other types of references. A reference pattern can include a series of feature vectors representative of one or more words or subwords and can be based on particular speakers, speaking styles, and audible environmental conditions. Those skilled in the art will recognize that reference patterns can be generated by suitable reference pattern training of the ASR system and stored in memory. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that stored reference patterns can be manipulated, wherein parameter values of the reference patterns are adapted based on differences in speech input signals between reference pattern training and actual use of the ASR system. For example, a set of reference patterns trained for one vehicle occupant or certain acoustic conditions can be adapted and saved as another set of reference patterns for a different vehicle occupant or different acoustic conditions, based on a limited amount of training data from the different vehicle occupant or the different acoustic conditions. In other words, the reference patterns are not necessarily fixed and can be adjusted during speech recognition.

Using the in-vocabulary grammar and any suitable decoder algorithm(s) and acoustic model(s), the processor accesses from memory several reference patterns interpretive of the test pattern. For example, the processor can generate, and store to memory, a list of N-best vocabulary results or reference patterns, along with corresponding parameter values. Exemplary parameter values can include confidence scores of each reference pattern in the N-best list of vocabulary and associated segment durations, likelihood scores, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values, and/or the like. The N-best list of vocabulary can be ordered by descending magnitude of the parameter value(s). For example, the vocabulary reference pattern with the highest confidence score is the first best reference pattern, and so on. Once a string of recognized subwords are established, they can be used to construct words with input from the word models 222 and to construct sentences with the input from the language models 224.

Finally, the post-processor software module 216 receives the output data from the decoder module 214 for any suitable purpose. In one example, the post-processor software module 216 can identify or select one of the reference patterns from the N-best list of single or multiple word reference patterns as recognized speech. In another example, the post-processor module 216 can be used to convert acoustic data into text or digits for use with other aspects of the ASR system or other vehicle systems. In a further example, the post-processor module 216 can be used to provide training feedback to the decoder 214 or pre-processor 212. More specifically, the post-processor 216 can be used to train acoustic models for the decoder module 214, or to train adaptation parameters for the pre-processor module 212.

Method—

Turning now to FIG. 3, there is shown a method of automated distortion classification. The method 300 of FIG. 3 can be carried out using suitable programming of the ASR system 210 of FIG. 2 within the operating environment of the vehicle telematics unit 30 as well as using suitable hardware and programming of the other components shown in FIG. 1. These features of any particular implementation will be known to those skilled in the art based on the above system description and the discussion of the method described below in conjunction with the remaining figures. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that the method can be carried out using other ASR systems within other operating environments.

In general, the method is provided to improve speech recognition performance by classifying distortion. Audio including a speech signal and distortion is received and then pre-processed to generate acoustic feature vectors, which are then decoded to produce a plurality of hypotheses for the distortion. The plurality of hypotheses is post-processed to identify at least one distortion hypothesis of the plurality of hypotheses as the received distortion. Finally, the identified at least one distortion hypothesis can be used to improve speech signal processing.

Referring again to FIG. 3, the method 300 begins in any suitable manner at step 305. For example, a vehicle user starts interaction with the user interface of the telematics unit 30, preferably by depressing the user interface pushbutton 34 to begin a session in which the user inputs voice commands that are interpreted by the telematics unit 30 while operating in speech recognition mode. Using the audio system 36, the telematics unit 30 can acknowledge the pushbutton activation by playing a sound or providing a verbal request for a command from the user or occupant.

At step 310, audio is received in any suitable manner. For example, the received audio may include an input speech signal from a user and at least some distortion associated with the signal. More specifically, the audio can be received by the microphone 32, acoustic interface 33, and processor 52 and/or memory 54 of the ASR system 210. The speech signal may include vocabulary desired to be recognized, and the distortion may include undesirable ambient noise, transient noise, and/or electronics noise. For example, ambient noise may include road noise or rain noise, transient noise may include windshield wiper operation, and electronics noise may include clips, mutes, bit errors, codec errors, data packet errors, and/or channel distortion. As used herein, the term “distortion” includes any and all types of noise, defects, impairments, imperfections, or the like.

At step 315, received audio is pre-processed to extract acoustic feature vectors from the audio. For example, the pre-processor 212 can extract vectors for features including Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), relative spectral transform—perceptual linear prediction features (RASTA-PLP features), or any other suitable acoustic features.

At step 320, acoustic feature vectors are decoded to produce a plurality of hypotheses for the distortion. For example, and referring to FIG. 4, the decoder 214 may include a hidden Markov model or neural network of any suitable size and type. For example, the decoder 214 may include an input layer 213 having any suitable quantity and type of acoustic feature nodes, a hidden layer 215 any suitable quantity and type of hidden unit nodes, and an output layer 217 having any suitable quantity and type of distortion nodes. In one embodiment, the decoder 214 may be trained using supervised learning techniques for criteria that reduces decoding or classification error. For instance, the decoder 214 may be trained for various distortions including additive background noise, echo, delay-related impairments, bit errors, mutes, clips, interrupts, and/or the like.

Also, and with reference to FIG. 2, the acoustic feature vectors extracted from the pre-processor 212 may be decoded by the speech recognition engine or decoder 214 using one or more distortion models 221 to produce N-best hypotheses and associated parameter values, for instance, confidence values. Accordingly, the ASR system 210 may include the distortion model(s) 221, which may be provided in any suitable manner. For instance, the distortion models 221 may be developed in a similar fashion in which the acoustic models 220 are developed, except that the distortion models 221 are used as an aid to classify signal distortion, whereas the acoustic models 220 are used as an aid to classify phonemes in a speech signal. In any event, the distortion models 221 can include a plurality of distortion-related acoustic features representative of various types of distortion and can be used by the decoder 214 to compare the acoustic feature vectors from the pre-processor 212 with the distortion-related acoustic features to produce a plurality of hypotheses for distortion.

Simultaneously with step 320, acoustic feature vectors can be decoded to produce a plurality of hypotheses for one or more utterances of the speech signal. Such decoding is known to those of ordinary skill in the art and examples are discussed above with respect to the discussion of the ASR system 210.

At step 325, at least one distortion hypothesis may be identified. For example, the post-processor 216 may be used to post-process the plurality of hypotheses produced from the decoder 214 to identify a particular distortion hypothesis as the received distortion. The identified distortion hypothesis may be identified as the highest ranking hypothesis of a plurality of hypothesis based on probability or other statistical analysis or in any other suitable manner. For instance, the identified distortion hypothesis may be a first best of an N-best list of distortion hypotheses, or may be identified in any other manner similar to identification of subword or utterance hypotheses.

Simultaneously with step 325, at least one hypothesis for a speech utterance may be identified in any suitable manner. Such identification or selection is known to those of ordinary skill in the art and examples are discussed above with respect to the discussion of the ASR system 210.

At step 330, a distortion hypothesis is used to improve speech signal processing. For instance, the distortion hypothesis identified by the post-processor 216 in step 325 may be used to modify at least one of the acoustic interface 33, the speech decoder 214, the pre-processor 212, or the acoustic models 220, for example, during a current speech recognition session wherein a series or string of utterances is being recognized.

In a first example, the acoustic interface 33 and/or the pre-processor 212 of the ASR system 210 may be modified to improve audio quality during a current speech recognition session. Of course, improvements in audio quality during speech recognition may also lead to improved speech recognition speed and accuracy. The acoustic interface 33 and/or the pre-processor 212 of the ASR system 210 may be modified to apply, or adjust parameters of, electronic or digital signal conditioners, filters, and/or amplifiers, noise suppression algorithms, adaptive filters, speech equalization, speech compensation, speech enhancement, and/or the like. Such parameters may be applied or adjusted in any suitable manner known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For instance, if the best hypothesis for the distortion happens to be identified as an echo type of distortion, then echo cancellation algorithms and/or an adaptive filter may be applied or one or more parameters of an already-applied adaptive filter may be adjusted. In another instance, if the best hypothesis for the distortion happens to be identified as microphone-related distortion, then RASTA and/or Cepstral Mean Subtraction related acoustic features may be emphasized, or applied, for example, to the exclusion of other acoustic features, or the like. In yet another instance, if the best hypothesis for the distortion happens to be identified as additive noise, then spectral subtraction methods and related features may be used in any suitable manner.

In a second example, the pre-processor 212 and/or the acoustic models 220 of the ASR system 210 may be modified to improve a current speech recognition session. More specifically, the pre-processor 212 and/or the acoustic models 220 of the ASR system 210 may be modified or reorganized during a current speech recognition session to use acoustic features that are appropriate in light of the identified distortion.

In a first instance of this example, acoustic features that correlate to the speech signal can be emphasized and/or acoustic features that correlate to the distortion can be deemphasized. More specifically, particular acoustic features may be emphasized for improved recognition by applying a greater weighting to those acoustic features relative to other acoustic features. Conversely, certain acoustic features may be deemphasized for improved recognition by applying a lesser weighting to those acoustic features relative to other acoustic features, or by omitting those acoustic features from one or more acoustic feature vectors communicated downstream to the decoder.

In this particular instance, the correlations between acoustic features and speech signals on the one hand and distortion on the other hand may be identified in any suitable manner. For example, a universal set of acoustic features and corresponding speech signals and/or distortions can be generated during development of the speech recognition system using subjective listening techniques. Several expert individuals listen to typical audio signals that will received by the ASR system in the field, and then score the signals based on the absence, presence, or amount of the various distortions they hear in the signals. The audio signals can include various types of distortions and the set can include correlations of those distortions or types of distortions with particular acoustic features or types of acoustic features that are believed or proven to cause or influence such distortions. Correlations from this set can be employed in the present method, for example, as one or more look up tables or the like that may be stored in system memory. Accordingly, the identified distortion can be used as an input to the look up table(s), wherein one or more acoustic features can be cross-referenced and selected as output from the look up table. So, for example, an identified distortion hypothesis indicative of microphone-related distortion can be input to the look up table(s), cross-referenced against all available acoustic features, and only the microphone-distortion-correlated RASTA and Cepstral Mean Subtraction related acoustic features are then selected and output from the table(s).

In another instance of the second example, a subset of all acoustic features available in the pre-processor 212 and/or acoustic models 220 may be used. For example, various types of acoustic features may be available, like Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC's), linear predictive coding coefficients (LPCC's), perceptual linear prediction coefficients (PLPC's), and the like. And any particular acoustic feature type may be represented by any suitable quantity of the particular acoustic feature. For example, an acoustic feature vector having thirty-nine features may include thirteen MFCC's, thirteen LPCC's, and thirteen PLPC's. However, in response to identification of a particular distortion, the dimensionality of the vector may be reduced to, for example, only nine MFCC's and four LPCC's. Accordingly, any subset of the total available type and/or quantity of acoustic features may be used in response to an identified distortion to improve speech signal processing, for example, for speech recognition.

After step 330, the method may proceed back to step 310 and/or 315, wherein additional audio can be received and/or received audio can be pre-processed to extract additional acoustic feature vectors from the audio. Of course, the current speech recognition session can continuously improve as additional distortion classification occurs and is used to further identify distortion in the session and mitigate the effects of that distortion on speech recognition performance.

At step 335, the method may end in any suitable manner.

In contrast to prior techniques for dealing with distortion in speech recognition, the presently disclosed distortion classification is carried out by the ASR system in real-time, or while speech recognition is being carried out. It is believed that such instantaneous and automatic distortion classification will result in better accuracy and consistency than is possible with current techniques which are carried out in any ASR system design phase well before any actual speech recognition session occurs. Also, the presently disclosed method can improve speech signal processing speed and/or efficiency. The dimensionality or size of a feature vector corresponds to computer processing burden, wherein a larger feature vector uses more computer processing capacity and a smaller feature vector uses less. Here, because dimensionality of feature vectors can be reduced, the presently disclosed method can result in a decrease in computer processing burden and an increase in speech recognition speed.

It is to be understood that the foregoing is a description of one or more preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention. The invention is not limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed herein, but rather is defined solely by the claims below. Furthermore, the statements contained in the foregoing description relate to particular embodiments and are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention or on the definition of terms used in the claims, except where a term or phrase is expressly defined above. Various other embodiments and various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiment(s) will become apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the invention can be applied to other fields of speech signal processing, for instance, mobile telecommunications, voice over internet protocol applications, and the like. All such other embodiments, changes, and modifications are intended to come within the scope of the appended claims.

As used in this specification and claims, the terms “for example,” “for instance,” “such as,” and “like,” and the verbs “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and their other verb forms, when used in conjunction with a listing of one or more components or other items, are each to be construed as open-ended, meaning that the listing is not to be considered as excluding other, additional components or items. Other terms are to be construed using their broadest reasonable meaning unless they are used in a context that requires a different interpretation. 

1. A method of automated distortion classification, comprising the steps of: (a) receiving audio including a user speech signal and at least some distortion associated with the signal; (b) pre-processing the received audio to generate acoustic feature vectors; (c) decoding the generated acoustic feature vectors to produce a plurality of hypotheses for the distortion; and (d) post-processing the plurality of hypotheses to identify at least one distortion hypothesis of the plurality of hypotheses as the received distortion.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: (e) using the identified at least one distortion hypothesis to improve speech signal processing.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein step (e) includes emphasizing acoustic features that correlate to the user speech signal and deemphasizing acoustic features that correlate to the distortion.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein step (e) includes omitting acoustic features that correlate to the distortion.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein steps (a)-(d) are carried out by an automatic speech recognition system installed in a vehicle.
 6. A method of automated distortion classification using an automated speech recognition system including an acoustic interface, a pre-processor, a decoder using acoustic models, and a post-processor, the method comprising the steps of: (a) receiving audio including a user speech signal and at least some distortion associated with the signal; (b) pre-processing the received audio to generate acoustic feature vectors; (c) decoding the generated acoustic feature vectors with the decoder to produce a plurality of hypotheses for the distortion; and (d) post-processing the plurality of hypotheses produced from the decoder to identify at least one distortion hypothesis of the plurality of hypotheses as the received distortion.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of: (e) using the identified at least one distortion hypothesis from the post-processor to improve speech recognition.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein step (e) includes using the identified at least one distortion hypothesis from the post-processor to modify at least one of the acoustic interface, the pre-processor, or the acoustic models during a current speech recognition session.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein step (e) includes applying, or adjusting parameters of, electronic signal conditioners, electronic signal filters, noise suppression algorithms, or adaptive filters.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein step (e) includes emphasizing acoustic features that correlate to the user speech signal and deemphasizing acoustic features that correlate to the distortion.
 11. The method of claim 8 wherein step (e) includes at least one of emphasizing acoustic features that correlate to the user speech signal or deemphasizing acoustic features that correlate to the distortion.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein step (e) is applied in the pre-processor.
 13. The method of claim 11 wherein step (e) is applied in the acoustic models.
 14. The method of claim 8 wherein step (e) includes omitting acoustic features that correlate to the distortion.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein step (e) is applied in the pre-processor.
 16. The method of claim 14 wherein step (e) is applied in the acoustic models.
 17. An automated distortion classification system comprising: an acoustic interface to receive audio including a user speech signal and at least some distortion associated with the signal; a pre-processor to pre-process the received audio to generate acoustic feature vectors; a decoder to decode the generated acoustic feature vectors; at least one distortion model including a plurality of distortion-related acoustic features representative of various types of distortion and used by the decoder to compare the acoustic feature vectors with the distortion-related acoustic features to produce a plurality of hypotheses for the distortion; and a post-processor to post-process the plurality of hypotheses produced from the decoder to identify at least one distortion hypothesis of the plurality of hypotheses as the received distortion.
 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the identified at least one distortion hypothesis from the post-processor is used to modify at least one of the acoustic interface, the pre-processor, or the acoustic models during a current speech recognition session.
 19. The system of claim 18 wherein various parameters of at least one of electronic signal conditioners, electronic signal filters, noise suppression algorithms, or adaptive filters are applied or adjusted in response to the identified at least one distortion hypothesis.
 20. The system of claim 18 wherein acoustic features that correlate to the user speech signal are emphasized and acoustic features that correlate to the distortion are deemphasized. 